Personality Features of the Entrepreneur

Character Features of the Entrepreneur Capacity to set high close to home however realistic points The worry of individual achievement, as opposed to prize of progress Information and experience-According to Schultz (1975) states that business visionary ability isn't just natural, yet may likewise improve by understanding and training. Business visionary information is the significant component for any organization execution. Brã ¼derl et al (1992) states that the more significant level of Entrepreneur instruction acquire inspiration the profitability, which naturally prompts increment the organization benefit. Thus higher profitability assists with expanding proficiency and preparing of the executives and on in any case will in general draw in the clients and partaking beneficially with providers and Investors. Hambrick and Mason(1984) likewise presumes that organization achievement is absolutely reliant on the business visionary Knowledge. Information predominantly relies upon the instruction and the past experience (Barker III and Mueller 2002; Hadjimanolis 2000).By achieving great information, business visionary grows new inventive thoughts an d attempt to make them genuine. Then again Hisrich Peter (1995); Mcgrath MacMillan (2000) contends that there is discernment that training experience do make commitment to the capacity of Entrepreneurship, anyway these encounters may not in every case solely happen through conventional instruction Nature of the distinctive culture can create contrast in disposition (Baskerville 2003) just as contrasts in the conduct of enterprising (North 1990; Shane 1994) culture information is another viewpoint which can be comprehended by business person. As indicated by Zhao (2010), the social mindfulness could be characterized as the comprehension of a people groups verifiable and social foundations just as their way to deal with life and their methods of living and thinking. Consequently, as Rogers and Steinfatt (1999) contend, culture has amazing impacts on singular conduct including enterprising conduct. Vernon et aI (1997) clarified that culture is a noteworthy in any conversation of Entrepreneurship since it decides the disposition of people towards the initiation of Entrepreneurship. Earlier hand experience is viewed as helpful for any business visionary and can be relied upon to have a more prominent capacity to oppose troublesome stuns and to perform restorative activities in another endeavor. As indicated by Davidsson and Honig (2003) Starr and Bygrave (1992) clarifies that the past experience assists with prompting an execute abilities that basically impacts ensuing endeavors to set up and develop new pursuits. Likewise Shane(2000) Ucbasaran et al. (2003) reasons that the people who take part in the different fires up called ongoing business visionary, who builds up a pioneering approach and critical thinking capacity which naturally assists with expanding their ability to perceive and use further chance. Inclination to face Challenge Risk demeanor impact the whole life pattern of Entrepreneur. As per Cramer et al (2002) caliendo et al (2009), there is sure linkage between Risk demeanor and the choice to turn into an Entrepreneur. Business people will in general be all the more autonomously disapproved, prepared to face challenges and acknowledge the punishment if things go wrong.Casson (1982) presumes that hazard taking capacity and imaginativeness are the individual qualities and progressively over they have all the information on taking care of business. Hence, individuals with more experience, higher capacities or more prominent information in the field of potential independent work will in general see the dangers associated with specific choices as lower ( Gifford 2003).Caird(1988) likewise concurred with Casson and infers that fruitful business visionaries have capacities and information to detect business dangers and benefit and attempt to precise blunders to improve business e xecution and possibilities. Then again Grable and Lytton (1998) likewise guarantee that the instructive degree of business visionaries is the most significant variable in recognizing hazard taking force in organizations. Mental hypothesis has called attention to that the people chance disposition is just one of various individual factors perhaps affecting the choice to turn into a business visionary ( Rauch and Frese 2000). Individual hazard demeanor is one of the key variable In the decision between a salaried activity and business. As indicated by Chell et al. (1991), there ought to be a converse U-molded connection between chance mentalities and innovative endurance, where okay perspectives describe more hazard disinclined and high hazard mentalities show less hazard unwilling people. Ongoing examination by Baron (2004) and Kâ ¨ollinger et al (2007) gives further clarifications to why especially hazard looking for business people may choose to begin an undertaking, regardless of whether low or even antagonistic results may emerge with moderately high likelihood. Initiative As indicated by Graen and Scandura(1987) Leadership is extensively seen as an intuitive procedure, subordinate upon the two chiefs and supporters . also, a business visionary is frequently portrayed as a pioneer who must characterize a dream of what is conceivable and pull in individuals to lift up that vision and change it into the real world (Kao, 1989). Subsequently, it is contended that there is interconnection among enterprise and initiative (Jensen and Luthans, 2006) and to be effective business visionaries must have administration abilities (Colbert, 2003).A pioneer must be Entrepreneur aswell.It has been composed that Entrepreneurial authority manages ideas and ideas,which are identified with issues that are not of a hierarchical nature ( EL-Namaki 1992). Hinterhuber and Krauthammer (1998) affirm that in todays fierce condition, which requests ceaseless advancement as well as radical upgrades in all partners fulfillment, initiative is more basic than any time in recent memory for business people. Creator agin states that authority stands onthree columns: (1) Envisioning (2) Being a model and (3) Increasing the estimation of the firm Avolio et al (2004) gave a hypothesis driven Framework to Studying Entrepreneur as a pioneer, with the emphasis on experience, self administrative procedure, and pioneer conduct The above hypothesis investigates that how a business visionary administration can decidedly connected to the association duty, fulfillment of the activity, joy to his/her representatives. Rhoades et al(2001) add on that when representatives are treated in a reasonable and caring way, they become increasingly dedicated towards the association ,and bound to have inspirational mentality. Certainty Confidence is the way to progress for any person. Not very many Entrepreneur need to have significant abilities, out of which certainty is exceptionally indispensable. Certainty causes business person to change over a thought into Business achievement. As indicated by Wilson et al., (2007) fearlessness depends on the capacities and impression of the aptitudes as opposed to target capacity. However, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) found that there is distinction between the degree of fearlessness capacity to have faith in a business visionaries non-business visionaries. Minniti et al., 2004) additionally underpins the possibility of GEM that there is contrast between the degree of trust in an Entrepreneur. Boyd and Vozikiss hypothesis of purposefulness encourages us comprehend the job of certainty here as well. They contend that self-viability decidedly impacts aim, yet that it likewise impacts the change of aim without hesitation (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994).While numerous business visionaries may have an unmistakable aim to begin a business, not all do, and something which predicts pioneering activity (for example dispatch) is self-viability. High certainty advances a thumbs up soul that can prompt accomplishment in the midst of such vulnerability (Bazerman,1998) Then again Forbes (2005) states that the Entrepreneur who discovered their own business are more careless than the individuals who dint. As indicated by Griffin and Varey, (1996) ,presumptuous is treated as circumstance explicit. He implies that the person who is careless in one undertaking probably won't be in second one. Significance and Mitchell (1992) Social psychological hypothesis discloses to us that self-viability, an appraisal of ones certainty, is circumstance explicit and executed to the specific errands as opposed to a general condition. The genuine influence to draw in cash originates from our own independence, assurance, and will; not from any reliance on anothers help and backing. The ability to draw in cash originates from the mental perspective that I am a definitive determinant of my destiny. One reason for Americas establishing and nonstop achievement was that her kin were devoted to confidence. Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: And Economic Theory. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Caird, S. (1988). A Review of Methods of Measuring Enterprising Attributes. Durham: Durham University Business School. Davidsson, P. (1989). Proceeded with Entrepreneurship and Small Firm Business. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics Bellu, R.R. (1988). Business visionaries and administrators: would they say they are extraordinary? In Reynolds, P.D., Birley, S., Butler, J.E., Bygrave, W.D., Winged creature, B. (1992). The activity of aims intime : the development of new pursuit. Enterprise Theory and Practice, 17 (1), 11-20 Brockhaus, R H. (1982). The brain science of the business visionary, hey Kent, C. A., Sexton, D. also, Vesper. K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 39-56). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. McClelland, D.C. (1961), The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Norstrand Co Opportunity-According to Shane et al (2000) The significant assignment of business visionary is to discover and use oppurtunities Hazard taking Capability-as per REFERENCES FOR BIT 1 Baskerville, R.F. 2003. Hofstede Never Studied Culture. Bookkeeping, Organizations and Society 28(1):1-14 North, D.C. 1990. Organizations, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Norton. Shane, S. 1994. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice among Licensing and Direct Foreign Venture. Vital Management Jour

Interdependence evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Relationship assessment - Essay Example Car organizations invest their energy to improving the all out nature of their items. Brokers attempted their best to greater keeps money with worldwide nearness. Media organizations forcefully connecting at new markets with new power. Telecom organizations are purchasing out stakes in far away markets to acquire quality. In such a situation serious quality is the essential word. The business people comprehend the expanding pressure on them in this worldwide business situation. So they are improving their nature of the item and administration to confront the opposition ahead. Innovation has assumed a significant job in choosing serious quality. Cutting across part all specialty units are purposely and truly competing choices to improve their innovation. Here comes the significance of reliance. Individuals wherever need products and enterprises. Merchandise are unmistakable things, for example, books, vehicles, carrots, paper clasps, and shirts. Administrations are exercises that individuals need accomplished for them, for example, hair styles, vehicle fixes, educating, or housecleaning. Luckily, every general public is blessed with assets which can be utilized to give a significant number of these merchandise and enterprises. These assets, which financial experts call profitable assets, are generally ordered into three gatherings, for example, land, work and capital. He says that while land alludes to regular assets, work is human work and capital is physical assets. While profitable assets are constrained yet people need boundless merchandise and ventures from restricted assets. This hole among creation and request makes shortage of products Entrepreneurs are the individuals who address this shortage and give merchandise and ventures. The business visionary buys rare profitable assets, and afterward arranges the creation of a specific decent or administration. (Harlan R Day, Economics and Entrepreneur, Indiana Department Of Education, Center for School Improvement and Performance, Office of School Assistance, 1991) The primary objective of the business person is to make Profit from his items or administrations. To turn into an effective business visionary need to comprehend his clients needs. This has required increasingly mindful methodology from the business visionary. The business person needs to pick cautiously rare profitable assets Resources used to create one specific great or administration can't be utilized to deliver another. The genuine expense of utilizing an asset is the best elective use for that asset. Market analysts call this best elective utilization of the chance (Harlan R Day, Economics and Entrepreneur, Indiana Department Of Education, Center for School Improvement and Performance, Office of School Assistance, 1991) As of late business enterprise has been demonstrated unequivocally as a type of human capital gathering generally connected to the since quite a while ago run size of the firm (Bates 1990, Iyigun and Owen 1998, Otani 1996). It was likewise said that the accessibility of outer financing is a significant determinant of the measure of enterprising movement in a network (Evans and Jovanovic 1989, Evans and Leighton 1989, Kihlstrom and Laffont 1979). In any case, in the present setting, there have been exceptional changes on the job of business. In spite of the fact that benefit is kept on being the main impetus for business visionaries and ventures, the method of creation and administrations have changed in both idea and significance. It is

The Presidents Day

The Presidents Day Significance of President’s Day Home›Informative Posts›Significance of President’s Day Informative PostsIn the United States of America, the President’s Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February every year. This day is observed to honor all American presidents of the past and present and recollect their accomplishments. George Washington, whose birthday is on February 22, is honored above everyone else as the first President of the USA, as well as Abraham Lincoln, who is known as the Great Emancipator in the USA.History of President’s DayThe year of 1800, after President George Washington died, was the first year to celebrate President’s birthday on February 22. This date became significant for the nation since President Washington was considered the most prominent figure in the American history at that time.At first, President Washington’s Birthday was celebrated unofficially. It became the federal holiday only in the late 1870s. The proposition to observe i t officially came from Senator Steven Dorsey, and President Rutherford Hayes signed it into law in 1879. Until 1885, Washington’s Day was celebrated only in Washington DC to extend later to all the other states.Thus, Washington’s Day joined four other national holidays Americans already had. These holidays were Thanksgiving Day, Independence Day, Christmas Day and New Year’s Day. It was the first federal holiday that observed the life of an American citizen.At first, the celebration was called Washington’s Birthday, and later on, in the late 1960s, it was renamed into President’s Day. At the same time, Congress began the measure called the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. It aimed to replace the observance of several national holidays from their particular dates to predetermined Mondays. According to the same act, the birthdays of George Washington (February 22) and Abraham Lincoln (February 12) were combined in some states to celebrate them on the same day and equally honor th ese people as the greatest presidents in the history of the USA.In 1968, the Uniform Monday Holiday Act was passed, and in 1971 it came into action. Since then, Americans celebrate Washington’s Birthday on the third Monday of Friday every year.Traditions of President’s DayPresident’s Day is commonly viewed as the day of remembrance and patriotic celebration. Multiple re-enactments, stage celebrations and other events are arranged on this day. In many schools, students listen to lectures about the accomplishments of different American presidents with an emphasis on the deeds of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.President’s Day in 2017As it has been said above, President’s Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February. In 2017, this day falls on February 20. Spend this day commemorating the presidents that did a lot of good things for our country!

Essay on Enlightenment through Reading Great Literature

Enlightenment through Reading Great Literature Great literature has created controversy, enlightenment, and has perpetually stimulated the imagination of readers everywhere. The ability to learn from past experience that crosses religions, races, and times helps separate the great literature from the chaff. A good, entertaining story is not enough to produce a truly great and enduring work. Great literature is characterized by its ability to retain value in truth and entertainment even though changing culture. The influence of great literature has been a legacy of the human race for 1000s of years. Arguably the most influential of books is the Bible. It has been a top seller for almost all of eternity. However, it†¦show more content†¦The ability to interpret a book in multiple ways stretches the imagination of a reader and challenges a reader to place more thought into the reading of a book and no longer accept things at face value. Instead of a physical or purely imaginative enjoyment, great literature creates webs of connotations, ironies, and allusions which provide a purely mental entertainment. The entertainment of a truly good book is characterized by its ability to connect to other great works while stimulating thought in many different, yet related, subjects. A lucid example is Brave New Worlds society as a parallel to the oppression of current society and the problems of absolute power. This enjoyment is a unique experience for everyone. By discussing great books, everyone can see a different side of the picture, gaining from the unique experiences of everyone involved. The controversy that literature can provide allows unfair and biased views to be uprooted and looked upon by with a more objective view. Literature puts people to action by challenging their values and refreshing their views. Many long held traditions such as the selling of indulgences have been challenged by visionaries such as Martin Luther who posted his 95 theses on the church door, thereby causing a change in the beliefs of a large portion of the Catholic population. Such ability to call action to current events and an ability to continue to hold value after hundreds of years is what definesShow MoreRelatedLiterature Analysis Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Analysis Noah Serna Western Governors University Humanities C100 January 15, 2016 Personal Observations of the Work The work of literature that I chose to do my initial observations on is a poem written by Phillis Wheatley, called â€Å"To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works.† This poem was written during the enlightenment period. 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The Influence of Roman Architecture to Modern Society...

The Influence of Roman Architecture to Modern Society According to Napoleon Bonaparte, â€Å"The story of the world is the story of Rome†. Ancient Roman contributions in the modern word can still be seen in today’s civilization. The formation of the Roman constitution is greatly influenced and highly regarded by many countries like the United States of America. Christianity is also originated in Rome and spread through one continent to another. Most importantly, Romans influence in arts such as painting, mosaics, sculptures, and architectures have captivates attention of many people around the globe. The Romans deeply valued and appreciated the foundation of the Ancient Greek Architects. In fact, Romans absorbed some aesthetic†¦show more content†¦The Romans accomplished such feats in construction. Many people would start off by commenting on the Romans invention of cement, waterproof cement and cement pouring techniques. But before those amazing developments came the Romans superior designs of cranes, piling devices and efficiency and organization of its work force and raw material gathering techniques. Romans construction techniques allow them to build extra-ordinary buildings, coliseum, bridges, roads, amphitheaters, aqueducts, and public baths. The baths and arenas are compliments to the cleverness of Rome’s great builders. The innovation had started in first century B.C. when Romans had developed the use of concrete, a strong and readily available replacement for stone. It has many advantages over traditional stone, for example, there is no more n eed for quarrying and transporting the concrete, and it also limits the need for highly skilled labor. The concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, sand, water, and stone. Concrete empowered architects to build structures of different sizes whether it is big or small. The concrete can also pour into any shape that will fit the needs for constructions. The Romans adopted the wood cranes used by the Egyptians and simplified it by making it into a simple A frame shape with a pulley on itsShow MoreRelatedAlexander the Greats Impact on the World Essays1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst led Macedonian troops at age 18. Many times Alexander was worshipped as a god in some of the countries he ruled. He had a huge impact on world history spreading the seeds of western culture and philosophy across the world and has legends and stories about him in over 80 languages. He was head strong, violent, extremely brave, politically cunning, loved by his men, and a gifted leader. Few individuals have had the sort of impact on history that Alexander did. With his death, what was called theRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3726 Words   |  15 PagesRomanticism If the Enlightenment was a movement which started among a tiny elite and slowly spread to make its influence felt throughout society, Romanticism was more widespread both in its origins and influence. No other intellectual/artistic movement has had comparable variety, reach, and staying power since the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in Germany and England in the 1770s, by the 1820s it had swept through Europe, conquering at last even its most stubborn foe, the French. It traveledRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3733 Words   |  15 PagesRomanticism If the Enlightenment was a movement which started among a tiny elite and slowly spread to make its influence felt throughout society, Romanticism was more widespread both in its origins and influence. No other intellectual/artistic movement has had comparable variety, reach, and staying power since the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in Germany and England in the 1770s, by the 1820s it had swept through Europe, conquering at last even its most stubborn foe, the French. It traveled quickly

Racial Divide In America Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The United States wellness attention system is considered missing when compared to other developed states. The issues refering the quality of wellness attention raises polarized argument across the state, yet everyone agrees that on the whole, the U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Racial Divide In America Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now wellness attention system is one of the better attention systems in the universe. Despite immense investing and changeless reforms, there is an overpowering organic structure of literature back uping racial disparity in the wellness attention system, particularly amongst African-Americans. This paper explores the causes for the disparity in wellness attention that prevail against African-Americans. The surveies on wellness attention disparity portion common decision that African-Americans suffer from terrible wellness attention disadvantages. Research has besides shown that African Americans have higher mortality and morbidity rates1. They experience hapless wellness runing from infant mortality and diabetes to cardiac disease, HIV/AIDS, and other unwellnesss. 2 There are many factors lending to difference in the wellness attention quality among the races. One of the most perennial and common documented factor is the socio-economic factor. It is good documented and recognized that disparity in socio-economic across racial and cultural groups correlatives to disparity in the wellness attention. 3 SES affects handiness to quality wellness attention and better populating criterion which leads to healthy diet. It besides affects instruction quality that has deduction for future development. A recent analysis of 1991 to 2000 mortality informations concluded that, had mortality rates of African Americans been tantamount to that of Whites, over 880,000 deceases could hold been prevented.4 These 800,000 African americans died because of hapless wellness quality and carelessness on the supplier ‘s side. In add-on, African American babies are two to three times more likely than white babies to hold low birth weight-a cardinal index of baby mortality.5 Even after commanding economic factors, surveies show that African-Americans receive poorer quality intervention than their white opposite numbers with same insurance. So why are African Americans having hapless quality wellness attention? The reply to this inquiry encompasses an intricate organic structure of history of racism, wellness attention construction A ; policy and environmental factors that has put minorities ‘ wellness at a disadvantage. In the yesteryear, a turning figure of research relied on socio- economic position factor to explicate the racial disparity. In recent old ages, racial prejudices are good recognized and documented to explicate the difference in wellness quality. In fact, in the most recent study by Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) , they found strong grounds that racial prejudice, favoritism, pigeonholing, and clinical uncertainness besides play a function. 6 In the book Health Care disparity in the United States by Donald Barr, he concludes that â€Å" unconscious prejudice † is the chief cause of disparity in the wellness care7. Dr Barr exerts that most doctors carry unconscious prejudice when they treat patients of differing cultural or racial background. Experimental surveies besides confirm that doctors can keep negative beliefs about their minority patients. The negative stereotypes in bend affect the type of intervention or prescription offered to them. Thus the difference in intervention and lack in wellness among African Americans is largely due to their doctor ‘s bias.8 These prejudices stem from race as a societal building that existed from long ago and continues to make so. The difference in wellness attention intervention based on race roots from U.S. history of racism based on negative stereotyping that plagued the state for decennaries. The unconscious racial prejudice held by doctors entirely can non account for the disparity. The construction of wellness attention system, and policies in which the attention is provided, besides contribute to the inequality of wellness attention. For illustration, quality of wellness attention resources depends on the vicinity in which wellness centre is located. Many Afro-american vicinities are extremely segregated from white communities. In such countries, doctors have greater troubles accessing high-quality specializers, diagnostic imagination, and non-emergency admittance of their patients to the infirmary, than doctors who serve preponderantly non-minority patients.9 The other consequence of race is its deduction on the individual. Person ‘s racial individuality can do them to be prone to certain diseases like bosom diseases, higher blood force per unit area due to emphasize, and favoritism subjected to them. There is a figure of research that really supports this. In fact Dr. Arline Geronimus of University of Michigan proposed the â€Å" weathering † hypothesis, which states that Afro-american experience early wellness impairment as a effect of the cumulative impact of perennial experience with societal or economic hardship and political marginalization.10 From 1990, the racial disparity drew serious attending from outside organic structures like United Nations and World Health attention organization.11 Ever since so these outside organic structures have been pressing U.S. authorities to take actions. There has been lot done to document the disparities and implicate policies to diminish the spread. In certain countries, wellness attention for African Americans seem to better, yet from a bigger position the quality of wellness attention seems to increase small or no alteration at all. For case, among African Americans, decease rates from bosom disease were 10 % lower than in White persons in 1980, but 30 % higher in 200012. Cancer is the second-leading cause of decease in the United States and African-Americans have moved from holding a decease rate from malignant neoplastic disease below that for Whites in1950 to a rate 30 % higher than for Whites in 200013. Such statistics calls for serious argument, it is sad to see widening racial disparity of wellness attention in a state that has the highest Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . Studies point to new ways to incorporate racial determiners as cardinal factors to better the wellness attention for minorities. Dr. Barr in his decision calls for an addition in minorities in the wellness attention professionals. The racial disparity in wellness attention is a consequence of interaction of race with socio-economic factor, wellness attention construction, environmental conditions and biass. Merely as racial biass still pertain in today ‘s universe, the institutional racism in wellness attention besides pertains. The racial disparity in the United States is a serious issue that requires betterment and governmental attending. There has been lot done to bridge the spread, yet really small has improved. This issue requires calls for different professionals to work together. End Notes Kaplan, H Roy. The Myth of Post-Racial America. Old line state: Rowman A ; Littlefield Education, 2011. Kahng, Sang Kyoung. â€Å" Can Racial Disparity in Health between Black and White Americans Be Attributed to Racial Disparities in Body Weight and Socio economic Status? † Health A ; SocialWork, November 2010, 257-66. Kahng, Sang Kyoung 2 S.H. Woolf et al. , â€Å" The wellness impact of deciding racial disparities: An analysis of US mortality informations † , Public Health 2078, 2078-81 ( 2004 ) . Board on Health Science Policy: Unequal intervention: Confronting Racial and cultural disparities in Health Care, Consensus Report, March 20, 2003. Board on Health Science Policy 4 Barr, Donald, A. Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health. Old line state: The Johns Hopkins University Press.2008. Barr, Donald, A. 7 Dolores Acevedo-Garcia et al. , â€Å" Unequal Health Outcomes in the United States † , A Report to the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, January 2008. Arline T. Geronimus, ScD, Margaret Hicken, MPH, Danya Keene, MAT, and John Bound, PhD, â€Å" â€Å" Weathering † and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States † , American Journal of Public Health, May 2006, Vol 96, No. 5 Kim, E Annice, Kumanyika Shiriki, Igweatu Daniel, and Kim, Son-Ho. â€Å" Coverage and Framing of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in US Newspapers, 1996-2005. † American Journal of Public Health, Supplement 2010, 224-31 Airhihenbuwa, O. Collins, A ; Liburd, Leandris. â€Å" Eliminating Health Disparities in the African American Population: The Interface of Culture, Gender, and Power † Health Education A ; Behavior, August 2006, 488-501 Airhihenbuwa, O. Collins, A ; Liburd, Leandris 12 How to cite Racial Divide In America Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Welcome to McDonalds free essay sample

â€Å"Welcome to McDonalds home of the Ronald. How may I help you?† I could hear the intercom screech back at me. â€Å"Yeah can I have four double cheeseburgers? One with just leaf lettuce and mayo, one with only ketchup, one with no onions, and one plain with barbeque sauce.† Almost mechanically, I punched in what they wanted perfectly. I could only hope the grill could put the burgers together correct and the presenter could get the bag out with the right order. â€Å"Yes, that will be $4.20, please pull around to the first window, and thank you!† I said back. I turned to face the unmade happy meals I had to complete before my break. I proceeded in tipping my visor up and grabbing a happy meal bag, as well as a little blow-up toy sword. Just before the car came to my window Jim, the manager, jumped in and took the money from the customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Welcome to McDonalds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He then turned toward me urgently and said, â€Å"I need you to be in charge for awhile. There’s been a big misunderstanding and Jason, the other manager, can’t come in today. I need to leave though because my wife is at the hospital and my kids are at home by themselves. I’m going to drop them off at their grandmother’s house and will be back later. I’m counting on you.† He then gave me the clipboard, went into the office, grabbed his winter coat, and left. I could see Brad, a fellow employee, walking back to the first booth where I was taking orders. I looked at the sheet detailing everyone’s specific jobs and realized I was now upfront. My first thought was to stay calm and focused. I went to the front and told everyone the situation. I can handle this, I told myself. I was prepared because I had been working there for almost a year and knew what to do. I made sure everything was organized and everyone worked in unison. We were short on employees, so I did two tasks. I was at the second window getting the food in the bags, and handing out the food to the customers. I stayed relaxed in stressful orders. I delegated lists for everyone, including myself. When it wasn’t busy, we cleaned the store and made it look spotless. Everyone worked together to keep the place working smoothly. When Jim came back, he said he was right in trusting me. I could keep things under control. As a first job, McDonalds taught me commitment, teamwork, and responsibility. That day was rewarding, knowing that I could take charge and lead the crew. It helped me be more patient with people, especially when something expected occurs. It prepared me for other jobs and was a building block for better things to come. McDonalds also made me confident in my ability to balance work, school, and sports. Now, even though I no longer work there anymore, whenever I hear that intercom ask me what I would like to eat when I go into the drive through, I know how crazy it can get inside. I understand the hard work it takes to get the food out to the customers. All I can think is, thank you, and have a nice day!

Homeland Security Challenges Description

Introduction The issue of insecurity has been a sensitive subject to the US government since the September 11 attacks. In this regard, preventing such detrimental occurrences is vital for the harmonious coexistence of the different individuals in the country and global peace in general.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Homeland Security Challenges Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, investigating the underlying issues that trigger acts of terrorism and general insecurity is significant for the management of security and fostering international peace. Additionally, analyzing various mechanisms of the security systems is essential for the development of conclusions that facilitate the understanding of the efforts put by the intelligence agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in dealing security threats (Richelson 2010, 124). For this reason, developing a body of knowl edge is necessary through conducting extensive research on the security issues affecting the US government. This paper will provide a description of how research on security matters affecting the US can be conducted to derive meaningful conclusions. The research approach Selecting an appropriate research method is essential for conducting an adequate research on security matters. This assertion holds because the nature of security issues takes a multidimensional perspective, thus resulting in the need for the analysis of the social, economic, and political aspects of the problem (Patton 2010, 215). In this sense, research design that covers the different dimensions of the US security issues is necessary for the investigation to be meaningful to the parties involved. Therefore, employing qualitative research methods is appropriate for such a research problem. A qualitative research method is an inquiry that analyzes data derived from verbal and behavioral expressions in natural setti ngs (Silverman 2001, 82). Qualitative research enhances the capture of vital information regarding beliefs, feelings, values, and motivations behind certain behaviors that cannot be easily obtained through quantitative methods (Marshall and Rossman 2010, 120). In this respect, the application of qualitative approaches to inquiry in security matters would consider the beliefs, values, feelings, and motivations behind acts of terrorism. Adopting a qualitative approach to investigate the US security issues ensures that the public is in a position to share what is important regarding its security concerns.Advertising Looking for research paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To the researcher, the adoption of qualitative methods implies that the identification of critical variables like religious beliefs, economic conditions, and political leadership is enhanced due to the better understanding of the research problem before its execution (Saller and Mutlu 2012, 210).  Various qualitative approaches are applicable to the security research problem including historical analysis, ethnographic research, phenomenology, ethical inquiry, and case studies. For instance, the ethnographic approach can be used in the research project to investigate a community associated with terrorism by identifying the goals of the inquiry then selecting a site before the establishment of rapport. Observations can then be made whereby field notes are written as data is collected (Packer 2011, 278). However, due to the ineffectiveness of ethnographic and observational techniques in security studies, the LAMP approach would be effective for this case. Reasons for applying qualitative methods in the research project Applying qualitative approaches in the investigation of the US security issues, which have been constantly under the management of agencies such as the DHS, is beneficial in several ways. Qualitative m ethods of research provide an in-depth analysis of the insecurity phenomena that has affected the US and the international community. In this respect, the researcher would be in a position to utilize analytic strategies to get an extensive understanding of the insecurity research problem (Honig 2007, 710).  Practical and invaluable information on security issues can be obtained through qualitative methods of research. This goal can be attained through the application of predictive techniques that enhance the foresight of insecurity events such as the September 11 terrorist attacks. The intentions of the actors and their attitudes towards the detrimental effects of such attacks could be considered to gauge the extent of the implications. Similarly, suspects of terrorism could be investigated and their behavior evaluated to attain invaluable practical information on their beliefs, values, and motivation behind the heinous attacks (Clauser and Goldman 2008, 178). Qualitative research methods are necessary for the identification of the structures existing in various agencies that have a bearing on security issues. Engaging agencies such as the DHS in focus group discussions and interviews would unmask the underlying matters that portray the interdependencies and values that the organization considers as necessary for the enhancement of security in the US. Similarly, engaging in an in-depth analysis of the perceptions and objectives of the major actors would provide dependable data that indicates the interdependence of various structures that facilitate the execution of acts of terrorism (Dolnik 2013, 120).  The application of qualitative methods of inquiry in intelligence issues enhances flexibility.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Homeland Security Challenges Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Qualitative approaches ensure that the limitations that exist in security var iables are dealt with in a bid to obtain meaningful data (Schmid 2013, 633). In this respect, the analyst can specify the courses of action and frame the possible scenarios to predict the potential security events in a particular society. Therefore, determining the potential alternate events could enhance the predictive nature of the study on the underlying issues about security in the US. Special Considerations Conducting inquiries on security and intelligence problems requires special considerations for the attainment of a successful research process. Factors like the study base, research timeline, ethical issues, and reliability, and validity need to be considered for the research to be efficient. The study base represents the cohort group that the research will be focusing on (Shepherd 2012, 139). In this case, the source population would be the individuals under the management of the DHS agency, individuals believed to possess reliable information about terrorism activities, hu manitarian organizations, victims of the September 11 attacks, and any other relevant parties. In this regard, the study group for the proposed research project is broad in nature since the effects of the problem transcend the American society. The research timeline employed in the qualitative approaches should be considered. This aspect implies that the qualitative data collection tools need to be framed within a particular span of time that covers the problem extensively (Patton 2014, 523). In a bid to understand the background of intelligence and security matters leading to the September 11 attacks, the qualitative methods would employ a historical approach before applying other methods such as interviews in the research process. Ethical issues would be a matter of special consideration for the research project. An ethical inquiry would be conducted to comprehend ethical issues that surround the US security. Additionally, the research process would consider ethical issues, which are necessary for conducting a morally acceptable qualitative research. This aspect would entail the power relations existing between the researcher and the respondents, privacy and confidentiality, consent, anonymity, and confidentiality (Josselson 2013, 107). In so doing, the research would be in line with the ethical standards, which are critical for researchers in their qualitative research undertakings regarding the intelligence and security aspects of the American society. Limitations of the Research Approach The qualitative approaches would be employed in the study including the use of predictive analysis that employs the Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP) process. Unlike other research methodologies, the LAMP approach is not limited in its approach due to its sophisticated nature and strong affiliation to the intelligence community.Advertising Looking for research paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The approach mitigates the challenge with alternate future concerning exponential explosions.   The approach prevents room for ambiguity in its procedures, thus enhancing certainty. However, the approach cannot quantify the probability of a future occurrence as it can only provide the prediction of the most likely future events. Measurement of variables The nature of the study that would be conducted entails the analysis of the cause, effect, and intervening variables. The research would identify the effects of insecurity in the US and then identify the cause before establishing the relationship between the two aspects that make up the dependent and independent variables respectively. In this case, the intervening variables would define the link between the cause and effect variables. Therefore, measuring the dependent, independent, and intervening variables would be essential for the facilitation of objectivity, reliability, and validity of the research findings. The measurement of variables like individual behavior, attitudes, and security policies would employ the use of measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales (Saller and Mutlu 2012, 178). Collection and assessment of data The data collection and analysis phase in the study is vital for obtaining valid and reliable results that would be used to make conclusions pertaining the intelligence issue in the US. Since the traditional methods of predicting future events concerning intelligence have experienced shortcomings, the use of the LAMP method would be appropriate in this case. The LAMP approach is an innovative method that was created by Dr. Jonathan Lockwood in the 1990s. The methodology is vital in this regard since it incorporates sophisticated planning and analytical procedures that consider empirical data in determining future events in the Intelligence sector (Lockwood 2013, 27). In the case of this study, the LAMP approach would enhance the forecasting of possible th reats that would be faced by the US Intelligence departments in a bid to work towards the curtailment of the problem. Issues like possible terrorist attacks by extremists like the Al Qaeda, cyber-attacks, and nuclear weapons issues would be managed through the collection and analysis of empirical data on security aspects. In this study, the assessment and prediction of future intelligence would not focus on probabilities, but on presumptions that trigger future events. Therefore, the LAMP approach presumes that various parties act based on their rationality. In this sense, the consideration of qualitative techniques in the assessment of human behavior regarding security matters is essential. Additionally, it would be indispensable to understand that the actors have the freedom to choose what is best for their country considering its safety and move towards prosperity. The following twelve steps involved in the LAMP process would be effective in facilitating security and Intelligence issues affecting the US. The first step in the analysis of the qualitative data would be the determination of the predictive issue. Defining the issue is a vital step in the LAMP methodology since it facilitates the consideration of various actors, their courses of action, and implications for the future. Specifying the national actors involved in the US intelligence system would be the next step in the application of the LAMP methodology. In this phase, the researcher determines the national actors that have a bearing on the problem. In this regard, the US and the terrorists’ state agencies would be considered. Limiting the scope is essential in this step, and thus five actors are sufficient. Carrying out a thorough study of the perceptions of the national actors and their intentions constitutes the third step in the LAMP process. The analyst endeavors in historical research at this step to determine the implications of the past for the current and the future (Prunckun 2014 , 67). The fourth step in the LAMP approach is the specification of the possible courses of action for the various actors in the intelligence fraternity. This move enhances the prediction of forthcoming events on security issues concerning the US intelligence case (Beebe and Pherson 2014, 122). The fifth step involves the determination of the scenarios that surround the comparison of the alternate futures. This aspect would facilitate the analysis since it focuses on the determination of assumptions that trigger the activities of the national actors involved (Lockwood 2013, 56).  The sixth step would be calculating the number of alternate futures with respect to the scenarios. The formula for the calculation is â€Å"XY=Z whereby X is the number of courses of action, Y is the number of actors, and Z represents the comparable number of alternate futures† (Lockwood 2013, 58). The seventh step in the LAMP approach is the comparison of alternate futures in a pairwise manner. In this phase, two alternate futures are compared to determine their probability. The eighth step entails ranking the alternate futures depending on the number of votes garnered by each scenario from the lowest to the highest. An analysis of the impacts of each alternate future characterizes the ninth step in the LAMP process whereby the analyst postulates the â€Å"future history†. Subsequently, the tenth step would entail the determination of the current â€Å"focal events†, which are responsible for the occurrence of the alternate future. The last step in the LAMP process entails the development of statements that focus on the potentiality of the transposition of a particular alternate future into another. The possibility of the implications of an alternative future to transpose into another should be considered since it can interfere with the prediction of future security events in the US (Lockwood 2013, 57-65). Conclusion Addressing insecurity issues in the US and t he international community requires in-depth research to address the issue comprehensively. In this case, the research problem takes the qualitative approach that employs the sophisticated analytical method through the LAMP process. Limitations such as subjectivity issues can be dealt with by applying professional skills that uphold objectivity, which is facilitated by the LAMP procedures that would be used in the research methodology. The measurement of variables in this research would emphasize the aspects of reliability and validity in the prediction of the alternate future. The twelve steps involved in the LAMP process are significant for the effective analysis of the problems encountered by the US intelligence, thus enhancing the predictive nature of the study. Therefore, findings from the study on the US security and international intelligence would result in meaningful conclusions. Reference List Beebe, Sarah, and Randolph Pherson. 2014. Cases in Intelligence Analysis; Struct ured Analytic Techniques in Action. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Clauser, Jerome, and Jan Goldman. 2008. An Introduction to Intelligence Research and Analysis. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. Dolnik, Adam. 2013. Conducting terrorism field research: A guide. Oxford: Routledge. Honig, Arthur. 2007. â€Å"A new direction for theory-building in intelligence studies.† International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 20, no. 4 (August): 699-716. Josselson, Ruthellen. 2013. Interviewing for Qualitative Inquiry: A Relational Approach. New York: The Guilford Press. Lockwood, Jonathan. 2013. The Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP): A Method for Predictive Intelligence Analysis. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen Rossman. 2010. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Packer, Martin. 2011. The Science of Qualitative Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Patton, Michael. 2010. Qualitative Research Evaluatio n Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Patton, Michael. 2014. Qualitative Research Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Prunckun, Hank. 2014. Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Richelson, Jeffrey. 2010. The US Intelligence Community. Boulder: Westview Press. Saller, Mark, and Can Mutlu. 2012. Research Methods in Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. Oxford: Routledge. Schmid, Alex. 2013. The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Oxford: Routledge. Shepherd, Laura. 2012. Critical Approaches to Security: An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Oxford: Routledge. Silverman, David. 2001. Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analyzing talk, text, and interaction. Thousand Oaks: Sage. This research paper on Homeland Security Challenges Description was written and submitted by user Elsie Chase to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Australian Consumer Protection Legislation

or actions will have legal consequences if not carried out. To form a contract between two parties it must be shown that there is an intention from each to become legally bound, there must be a ‘meeting of minds’ between the ‘parties’, as well as consideration. There are five general rules as to an offer the first being that the offer must be communicated by the offeror to the offeree, the second being the offeror may restrict his or her offer to one person or may make his or her offer to a limited group of persons or to the world at large, the third rule states that all terms of an offer must be communicated to ‘party’ accepting the offer. The fourth rule states that the offeree may specify conditions to be followed, and the fifth states that an offer may be revoked at any time prior to acceptance. Similarly to an offer there are four rules which apply to the acceptance of a contract. The first rule reads that the acceptance of an offer must relate to the offer in it’s entirety and cannot vary or in any way qualify that offer; the second rule is that acceptance of an offer must be made in strict conformity with the method of communication nominated by the offerer, however where no method of accept... Free Essays on Australian Consumer Protection Legislation Free Essays on Australian Consumer Protection Legislation â€Å"Governments have passed consumer protection legislation because they believe that the common law of contracts cannot adequately protect the consumer in today’s complex market place.† Both the Commonwealth and Queensland State governments have legislated to provide greater protection to consumers in contractual situations that would otherwise not be provided by common law. Examples of the government introducing legislation as a means of providing greater protection to consumers than common law are: The Trade and Practices Act 1974(Cth); and The Sale of Goods Act 1895(Qld). Contract law was introduced as a means of providing assurance as to the validity of an agreement, whereby both parties intend that their words or actions will have legal consequences if not carried out. To form a contract between two parties it must be shown that there is an intention from each to become legally bound, there must be a ‘meeting of minds’ between the ‘parties’, as well as consideration. There are five general rules as to an offer the first being that the offer must be communicated by the offeror to the offeree, the second being the offeror may restrict his or her offer to one person or may make his or her offer to a limited group of persons or to the world at large, the third rule states that all terms of an offer must be communicated to ‘party’ accepting the offer. The fourth rule states that the offeree may specify conditions to be followed, and the fifth states that an offer may be revoked at any time prior to acceptance. Similarly to an offer there are four rules which apply to the acceptance of a contract. The first rule reads that the acceptance of an offer must relate to the offer in it’s entirety and cannot vary or in any way qualify that offer; the second rule is that acceptance of an offer must be made in strict conformity with the method of communication nominated by the offerer, however where no method of accept...

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the Essay

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the development of the two Koreas - Essay Example Based on an image taken by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the US (United States) Department of Defense, the Korean peninsula is aptly described in contrasting terms: â€Å"South Korea is bright, North Korea is dark† (GlobalSecurity.org). Such imagery is a reflection of the development of the divided Korean peninsula: North Korea in the grip of communism and dictatorship and South Korea at the frontiers of democracy and progress.After the surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945, the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and the US occupied the Korean peninsula north and south of the thirty-eighth parallel, respectively (Wheeling Jesuit University). In 1948, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was established in the USSR-occupied North while the Republic of Korea was established in the US-occupied South. The succeeding Korean War, started in 1950, formalized the rift between the two states (Feffer). An armistice was finally declared in 195 3, with the two states still holding their original territories. Due to decades of division, the two Koreas undertook diverging paths of development and achieved different levels of success.In terms of economic development, dark North Korea is facing poverty and food shortage whereas bright South Korea is â€Å"one of the world’s major economies and a leading exporter of cars and electronic goods† (BBC â€Å"Overview†). The Central Intelligence Agency states, â€Å"North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems " (Central Intelligence Agency "Economy - Korea, North"). On the other hand, the CIA asserts, "South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy" (Central Intelligence Agency "Economy - Korea, South"). The 2007 estimate of the GDP per capita of North Korea was pegged at $1,900 whereas that of South Korea was pegged at $24,600. These differences can be explained by the ways the two Koreas handled their post-war economies. Typical of communism wherein there is state ownership of all production, the North implements a central planning economy (Kwak). Consequently, the government has a hand in every economic activity. The North subscribes to three fundamental principles: "the construction of independent native economy, the heavy and munitions industries first policy, and the advance of military and economy side by side" (Hwang). Today, the Northern state still operates a closed economy to protect its political ideology. South Korea, on the other hand, employs a market economy, which has resulted to urbanization, industrialization and rapid economic growth (Kwak). Hwang adds that planned capitalism, wherein "the government plans the allocation of resources but gives [the] individual the private ownership of capital", also readily contributed to the economic progress. The government supported the expansion of family-owned industries called "chaebol", examples of which are Hyundai and Samsung (BBC "Overview "). As predicted, these business conglomerates became the frontrunners of the booming South Korean economy. Politically, North Korea maintains a communist stance whereas South Korea adheres to democratic principles. Marxism-Leninism is the type of communism adapted by North Korea (Hwang). Kim Il-sung, the first head and considered the "Eternal president" of the North Korean government, promoted "Juche" - a political philosophy of self-reliance, which has become the foundation of the state's development (BBC "Overview"). Hwang states that Juche is actually brainwashing politics. From the fundamental concept that the human is the master of everything, Il-sung was able to justify an external closed-door policy and an internal dictatorship and hereditary succession (Hwang). The entire Northern state was militarized under the auspices of national defense. Hwang asserts that this caused a major breach between the North and South relations since South Korea seeks to unify through

The Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Law - Essay Example When Arthur is discharged from hospital he discovers that the landlord of his flat, which he was occupying before the accident, has let the flat to another tenant. Arthur applies to the Local Authority for alternative accommodation but is told that he fails to come within the statutory definition of homlessness. In the above there are several issues that need to be discussed on order to be able to discuss the legal actions that might result from the scenario. The issues that require examination are unfair dismissal with regard to the dismissal from work and dangerous driving on the part of Barry. With regard to the injuries of Arthur caused in the accident there needs to be a discussion on the chain of causation to determine whether Barry should be held liable for the suffering caused or whether Arthur has a claim against the doctor for the negligent treatment. In respect of the flat there needs to be a discussion on breach of contract and unlawful eviction as the landlord has let the flat to someone else in breach of the tenancy agreement. In respect of the homelessness there needs to be an examination of the Housing Act 1996 to determine why Arthur is not regarded as legally homeless. Unfair dismissal as is suggested is when an employer dismisses an employee without good reason. In some instances unfair dismissal can be regarded as automatically unfair. This might be the case in situations where the employer has not followed a proper dismissal procedure before dismissing the employee1. In some claims for unfair dismissal the employee has to have worked for the employer for at least a year whereas in other case the year rule does not apply. In recent times the law has been changed by placing statutory requirements on the employer before the employee can be dismissed. Previous legislation used to regard the employee more as a servant to the employer than a contributing member of the workforce2. Section 94 of the Employment Rights Act

The New Brutalist Architecture Anthropology Essay

The New Brutalist Architecture Anthropology Essay New Brutalist architecture is the outcome of a British architectural ethic named New Brutalism. According to Peter and Alice Smithson, the term was coined from a newspaper paragraph heading which, by poor translation of French, called the Marseilles Unità © by Le Corbusier Brutalism in architecture[1]. The Smithsons anointed their own British brand of Modernism by adding New both because they came after Le Corbusier and also in response to the style of the Architectural Review which at the start of the 1950s sunned many articles on the New Monumentality, the New Empiricism, the New Sentimentality etc.[2] Thus, New Brutalism was set to up be the direct line development of the Modern Movement. According to Banham (1966), whilst the terms Brutalism and New Brutalism are often used interchangeably, it is important to distinguish the meanings of the two terms as this paper will be focusing on the latter. Brutalism, though a British term, refers to an architectural aesthetic that is characterised by sticking repetitive angular geometries, and where concrete is used. A building without concrete can achieve a Brutalist character through a rough blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms and services on its exterior. Another common theme is the exposure of the buildings functions in the exterior of the building. Banham (1966) summarises the key characteristics of Brutalist architecture as formal legibility of plan, clear exhibition of structure, direct and honest use of materials and clear exhibition of services. Thus, Brutalism casts back in time to include Le Corbusier as one of its important contributors. On the other hand, New Brutalism was coined before any New Brutalist architecture was built. It is an ethic, not aesthetic and is associated with socialist utopian ideology supported by Peter and Alison Smithson and the Team 10 group of architects amongst which they belonged. It is more related to the theoretical reform in urban theory proposed by CIAM than to bà ©ton brut. Thus, having originated from entirely different, organic theoretical doctrines, the British brand of Brutalism has considerable differences to Brutalist architecture from the continent. New Brutalism was born in the post-war era, almost exclusively in the Architects Department of the London County Council (LCC) the only place where young graduated architects such as Peter and Alison Smithson and many   from the Architectural Association school (AA) could find work in London. Many architects who have returned from the world had fought to make the world safe but the economic terms of the price of victory was heavy and the country faced long periods of austerity resulting in shortages, a shortfall in housing and social services. It was a time of benevolent socialism and commitment to the welfare state following the election of the Labour Government in 1945. The government had assumed responsibility for the welfare of the people in a way that would have been unthinkable in the 1930s.[3] Many houses of the working class poor that were in the centre of large industrial cities such as London, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham have been destroyed. In London, Abercromb ie and Forshaw published the County of London Plan which described the challenge faced by the government. The report recognised that there is abundant evidence that for families with children, houses are preferred to flats. They provide a private garden and yard at the same level as the main rooms of the dwelling, and fit the English temperament.[4] But, to put everyone in houses would result in the displacement of two-thirds to three-quarters of the people. The planners wished to minimise the out-movement of jobs. They settled on 136 persons per acre which based on the research they did put one third of the people in houses, and some 60 per cent in eight- and ten- storey flats; about half of families with two children will go into flats, but even this density meant the overspill of 4 in 10 of all people living in this zone in 1939. Furthermore, there was the sense of lesprit nouveau of making a fresh start after the cleansing effect of the war. The London architectural debate was fractionized; largely between the student generation and practicing establishment architects. The Establishment architects tended towards Socialist political alignment, with the welfare state architecture of Sweden as the architectural paradigm. For the whole generation of graduating architects from the AA were strongly influenced by the ideas of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe; the Ville Radieuse and the Unità © dHabitation suggested a model to be applied by good hard socialist principles in good hard modernist materials.[5] They felt the Establishment architects were tending towards what they saw as a softer and more humanist Modernism, a retreat from the pre-war, heroic form of Modernism[6]. The Architects Department at the LCC provided a model in the early years; it had an unusually free hand, because the Ministrys ordinary co st sanctions did not apply to it[7]. It first produced the great Corbusian slabs which culminated in the only true realisation of the Radiant City in the world the Alton West estate in Roehampton[8]. The New Brutalists concept of order is not classical but topological: its implementation on a site could have involved judging the case on its merits (i.e. land form, accommodation required, finance available) rather than in accordance with a pre-established classical or picturesque schema.[9] Thus, they distinguish themselves from the earlier Brutalists such as Le Corbusier who proposed in his 1925 Plan Voisin to bulldoze most of central Paris north of the Seine in order to replace it with a hard of identical sixty-story towers. The Swiss architect was working in an inter-war Paris of exuberant, chaotic and often sordid everyday life[10] when the city was racked by disease and slums. He believed in centralising order (The design of cities was too important to be left to citizens[11]). His plans always relied on his famous paradox: we must decongest the centres of our cities by increasing their density; in addition, we must improve circulation and increase the amount of open space. T he paradox could be resolved by building high on a small part of total ground area[12]. This vision required clearing entire sites (WE MUST BUILD ON A CLEAR SITE! The city of today is dying because it is not constructed geometrically[13]). In war-torn London, the New Brutalists had the luxury of bomb-cleared sites but they also had a greater awareness for the historical fabric of the place-the designers of the Barbican estate built around St Giles church which survived the bombing and designers of Park Hill in Sheffield preserved old street names from the slum for their elevated walkways. Le Corbusier developed his principles of planning most fully in La Ville Contemporaine (1922) and La Ville Radieuse(1932). The plans differed in their recommendation for social distribution. The Contemporary Citys clearly differentiated spatial structure was designed to reflect a specific, segregated social structure: ones dwelling depended on ones job[14]. The residential areas would be of two types: six-storey luxury apartments for professional white collar workers (e.g. industrialists, scientists and artisits), and more modest accommodation for workers, built around courtyards, with less open space. These apartments would be mass-produced for mass-living. The apartments would all be uniform, contain standard furniture and be collectively serviced much like a hotel. Le Corbusier also designed entertainment and cultural complexes close to the middle-class in the centre of the city. The blue collar workers would not live like this. They would live in garden apartments within satellit e units. A different and appropriate sort of green space, sports facilities and entertainments would be available for these residents. Many aspects of New Brutalist architecture echo ideas from the Contemporary City. Income segregation has been practiced to different extents; the Barbican estates apartments vary between elaborate and fashionable layouts on the affluent south side (where the tenants were mainly city workers) and simpler layouts and designs on north side where social housing is concentrated[15]. Furthermore, whole out of town social housing estates such as Thamesmead have been built to resemble Le Corbusiers satellite units. By the time of the Radiant City, though the tenets of the Corbusian religion remained unchanged, there were important theological variations.   Everyone will be equally collectivised and live in giant apartments called Unità ©s. Every family will get an apartment not according to the breadwinners job, but according to rigid space norms: no one will get anything more or less than the minimum necessary for efficient existence. Everyone will enjoy collective services such as cooking, cleaning and childcare. Similarly, New Brutalist architects have tried to logically work from basic human needs in order to distinguish the necessary from the unnecessary and thereby simplifying existing architectural conventions to create an efficient living or working space[16]. However, rarely have they attempted to create truly mixed-income neighbourhoods, having concentrated on social housing estates. Although the recent redevelopment of Park Hill estate in Sheffied is mixing affordable and commerci al residential housing in the Brutalist estate, it cannot be said that mixed-income communities were a tenet of New Brutalism. Brutalist architecture quickly became the official architecture of the Welfare State. Criticisms of its severe problems took a very long time to come. In order to see why, it is important to appreciate how bad were the original dense rows of smoke-blackened slums that the towers replaced. Six years of war had reduced those parts of London and the great provincial cities to a sinister squalor. For two decades, any social disbenefits of modernist planning and its transformation of the town passed largely unremarked[17]. Criticisms rapidly became deafening in the 1970s after the subsidy system had been recast and local authorities were already phasing out their high-rise blocks. Though the outburst was triggered by the collapse of a building in a gas explosion, the majority of the complaints were eloquently summarised by Kenneth Campbell, who was in charge of housing design at the LCC and GLC from 1959 to 1974, to be the lifts (too few, too small, too slow), the children (too many), and the management (too little)[18]. Most importantly, critics like to point out that the true cause of all such problems, of which Corbusier is a fully culpable as any of his followers, was that the middle-class designers had no real feeling for the way a working-class family lived[19]; in their world [children] are not hanging around the landing or playing with the dustbin lids[20]. Chapter Two Dreams v Reality Inside the Minds of Brutalist Architects The sin of Corbusier and the Corbusians thus lay not in their designs, but in the mindless arrogance whereby they were imposed on people who could not take them and could never, given a modicum of thought, ever have been expected to take them[21] Corbusian Brutalism and New Brutalism suffered very much similar design failures, and the two have often been combined or confused in ridicule. However, this chapter points out that New Brutalism should not be indiscriminately blamed for deigning solely for the ideals of the middle-class, or that the designers similarly imposed the designs upon such unwitting residents without considering their social-economic needs and lifestyle. With ambition for a new approach to modernist architecture, the New Brutalists sought to exploit the low cost and pragmatism of mass produced materials and pre-fabricated components[22], mixing uses instead of segregation (as in Le Corbusiers design of La Ville Radieuse), designing specific to location and purpose and to use their signature elevated walkways which they named streets in the air. A satisfactory analysis of the architecture would evaluate the performance of such design features one by one, in essence performing an autopsy and separating the healthy organs, from the moderately healthy and the failed. After the procedure is over the pathologist may wonder why certain failed organs were designed in a way that may have been responsible for putting them in the line of trouble. To understand this we will look at what the architects were trying to achieve and the sources that influenced them. Peter and Alice Smithson wished to achieve the Virgilian dream the peace of the countryside enjoyed with the self-consciousness of the city dweller into the notion of the city itself[23]. Thus, unlike Ebenezer Howard who created the garden cities to combine the benefits of the countryside with the utility of city services, the Smithsons wished to take the garden city back into the city. They sought control and calm as key qualities in the modern city. They were also inspired by the flood of new consumer technologies and advertising. The Smithsons felt Le Corbusier was the first to put together the world of popular and fine arts towards the end of his life in Unità © dHabitation in Marseilles. They felt he viewed historic art possibly the classical origins of heroic architectural principles not as a stylistic source but as a pattern of organisation, and a source of social reform and technological revolution[24]. The Smithsons themselves recognised that advertising was making a bigger contribution to the visual climate of the 1950s than any of the fine arts. Advertising was selling products as a natural accessory to life and is packed with information for the average man it had taken over from fine art as the definition of what is fine and desirable by society. They recognised that the mass produced consumer goods had revolutionised the house without the intervention of the architect. However, they also felt that pre-fabricated buildings built for utility and not aesthetics (e.g. schools and garages) have adapted to the built environment a lot better to the existing built environment than buildings designed by fine art architects. Thus, in context of the desire to create calm and safe dwellings for the city dweller, architectural should be developed for the machine-served city. As with the majority of architects of their age, the Smithsons were profoundly influenced by the architecture of Mies van der Rohe. The Smithsons in particular stated that they were profoundly changed by two of Rohes themes: 1. To make a thing well is not only a moral imperative, but it is also the absolute base of the pleasure of use 2. The machine-calm city. No rhetoric, just ordering of elements to effect a gentle, live, equipoise ordinary quality. Neoclassicism.[25] The first point touches on the material aspect of Rohes love for perfection of detail and the use of the finest quality of materials, with the greatest care. The Smithsons felt Rohe had a special feeling for materials as luxury the observer is made aware of the essence of each material[26] Interestingly, this focus on the existential qualities of concrete and the keenness to use the material for its physical characteristic has enjoyed a recent revival in architecture. Conversely, there is debate with regards to the reason why the Smithsons and the Modernist architects before 1980s used the material so liberally. Sarah Williams Goldhagen believed that the Smithson did employ concrete for its physical properties whereas Adrian Forty argues that such conclusions are misguided in part because the Smithsons themselves tried to appeal to a later audience by discussing their earlier works in a new light in their publications. Forty believes that the Modernist architects of per-1980s were p rimarily interested in the form of their structures; further that in the ordinariness of their forms and the unremarkable, smooth and grey expanse of concrete they sought to achieve an abstract formlessness, as if literally urging the structure to disappear with irrelevance. Thus, concrete was not chosen because it was concrete, but rather because it had the properties the architects desired. The latter explanation seems to be the case of the Smithsons in 1974 when they wrote that many old cities the feeling of control is derived from the repetition of the use of materials on every roof, the roofs having been built at the same pitch, with similar roof lights etc. This suggests that perhaps the repeated use of concrete in so many parts of the building was not motivated by its suitability but by the need to repeat and extend control. The Smithsons were keen for their repetition of elements to seem to derive from the intention of the whole, rather than seeming to have been designed as one separate entity which is then repeated. They found that a repetition with subtle differences used by Rohe in creating a large at-the-whole-community-scale central open space was life-including[27]. They also felt that a building is more interesting if it is more than itself if it changes the space around it with connective possibilities but by a quietness that until now our sensibilities could not recognise as architecture at all. They felt a sense of wellbeing can be found if the built-form and the counterpart space are locked together[28]. The recognition that a building is not alone, that it exerts an influence on its surroundings and needs to interact with it to be successful seems now far off from the emphasis of todays planning policies for high quality, inclusive design which should integrate into existing urban form and the natural and built environments[29]. However, what sounded similar is very different in practice as we can see in Robin Hood Gardens, a project by the Smithsons where they consciously incorporated their vision of inclusive design. We can see that the buildings were definitely designed with the central space in mind they are even curved according to the landscape features. However, the estate does not integrate with buildings of the surrounding areas very well in terms of scale or layout. Critics state that it failed to come to terms that existing spatial fabrics held memory and value[30]. People adapt slowly to change a building that nods to the original fabric will aid the adaptation process . This design fails to be inclusive for the surrounding areas that are outside the architects control and thus does not fall into the broader scope of todays standard of good design. However, an earlier project by the Smithsons was a widely held success for integrating well within and introducing variations to the City of London. This was the Economist Plaza which was completed in 1964. A group of three office towers built on a picturesque piazza to allow pedestrian movement independent of the road system with street level access to services and shops, it broke the London tradition of the closed block, and may be considered the precursor of later office developments such as Broadgate[31]. However, its success was also attributed to restraint that was sensitive to context, by the use of stone instead of concrete to assimilate choice of material of older buildings nearby, and designing on the basis of an ancient Greek acropolis plan to maintain with the scale and governing lines of tr adition-bound St Jeremys Street. The successful features of this project also marked a retreat from Brutalism to the restrained Classicism of Mies van der Rohe[32]. The Economist Plaza is an example of how the Smithsons usually go about the designing process they conducted length research into the working practices of the journalists of the Economist magazine in order to create the most efficient structure. Their aim was for their buildings to be specific to their location and purpose[33]. They also took inspiration from the works of others. At the time when the Smithsons were compiling their entry to the Golden Lane housing competition between 1951 and 1953, they had contact with the Hendersons who were conducting social studies in the East End of London. This steered their reading of the city towards a form which reflected the structure of human association. This led to their radical suggestion that the street and housing blocks might multiply in a random and biological way to form a network overlaid on the existing city in a way reminiscent of molecular patterns or fractals. Thus, the topography or the context of a specific site would mould the disposition of the project. The idea of a network is based on the Smithsons belief that a community cannot be created by geographic isolation which, they feel, was the mistake made by English neighbourhood planning (through grouping around an infant school, community centre or group of shops), and the Unità © concept of Le Corbusier[34]. They aspire to aid social cohesion through the looseness of grouping and ease of communication. They felt the quintessential role of the planner is to create a sense of place by encouraging the creation of non-arbitrary groupings and effective communication, making possible groupings based on the family, street, district, region and city apparent. To maintain the looseness of grouping and the ease of communication, density must increase as population increases. The Smithsons believed that we must build high to avoid eating up farmland and creating congestion and increasing travel time on the roads. The architects recognised that high-rise living led to problems such as deprivation of outdoor life, the ineffectiveness of vertical communication, and difficulty in forming friendships for the lack of horizontal communication at the same level[35]. And so they proposed an ambitions vision of a multi-layered, city, leaving on the ground the support networks such as freight and utilities. In large cities, such things as light industries, workshops, clinics, shopping centres and small hotels could easily be located on raised levels: integrated with the deck-dwelling pattern the hope is that the advantage of close physical proximity will draw people to the clearly different districts of the city cause an urban revival a new city in which the home will be very much the centre of all activities[36]. The council house in the UK should be capable of being put together with others in a similar sort, so as to form bigger and equally comprehensive elements which can be added to existing villages and towns in such a way as to revitalise the traditional hierarchies, and not destroy them. The architects felt that building imitation market towns both inside and outside cities deny them the right to be urban forms because they do not engage with the pre-existing community to which they have been attached. The architects were also interested in achieving clarity between private and public space, much like Le Corbusiers Unità © which preserved the individual in seclusion while giving expression to the communal life and faith of the Order with a double-height collective space, and links through the balconies with the world outside. The interior street provides an enclosed world of neighbours whilst the shopping arcade and the roof space belong to and give expression to the total community.[37] The Smithsons were keen to preserve this divide: From the moment the man or child steps outside his dwelling our responsibility starts for the individual has not got the control over his extended environment that he has over his house[38].     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Smithsons entry for Golden Lane failed but their design laid the foundations for the development of streets in the air. The streets in the air are a reinterpretation of East End bye-law streets because the Smithsons saw that such traditional streets in the East End function well as a main public forum for communication, as a playground for children and provide open space for public gatherings and large scale sociability in working class Britain. To fulfil these functions in a Brutalist apartment block, Le Corbusiers rue intà ©rieure-the double-loaded, long, dark corridor on the inside of the building will need to be moved to the exterior. They will be 12 foot wide, continuous and reach every part of the development. At Park Hill estate, Sheffied, the architects even made sure that original Victorian street names were kept and neighbours from the original slum area where the estate replaced were housed next to eachother. This contributed to the initial popularity of the estate b ut it could not stop problems of crime and dilapidation following. It is interesting to compare the fates of Robin Hood Gardens and Park Hill. The vertical circulation system and access from streets in the air were said to make the Robin Hood estate unpopular[39]. However, it was also blamed for disagreeing with the Smithsons idea at Golden Lane of housing elements forming networks or clusters and the Team 10 premise that a buildings first duty is to the fabric in which it stands by having been divided into two building blocks. They do not demonstrate, by combining into a longer entity the potential for a city wide pedestrian network[40]. On the other hand, Park Hill estate does join up into a large entity but its 12 foot decks were in turn blamed for providing quick getaways for burglars and other criminals. Neither building realised the dream of the elevated community utopia. Does this suggest that streets in the air in actuality never got off the ground? The Barbican estate offers safe and secluded elevated decks with beautiful views over the e state but it does not serve as a social gathering place for the residents nor a playground for the children. It seems somehow it is extremely difficult to recapture the East End feel in the Smithsons signature design feature. At the CIAM conference in 1953, they attacked the decades-old dogma propounded by Le Corbusier and others that cities should be zoned into specific areas for living, working, leisure and transport, and that urban housing should consist of tall, widely spaced towers[41]. The Smithsons ideal city would combine different activities within the same areas. However, the legacy of CIAM and of Le Corbusier was a significant burden and will take time to wear off[42]. By the close of 1960s, there was a shift from the raw Brutalism of the 50s to a gentler and more refined form of architectural language[43]. Team 10s urban productions were marked by a distinct retreat from the early mobility-driven solutions to solutions based on the metamorphosis of inherent qualities of existing urban structures where large open sites were concerned; or rehabilitation and reuse of existing structures combined with new small-scale interventions, were existing structures are concerned. In effect, many of the so called Post-Modern revolutions of 1970s, including participation, rehabilitation, restoration, preservation, and political reorganisation, had been pre-dated by Team 10s thinking during 1960s.[44] Does this suggest that the New Brutalists finally acknowledged the mistakes of their designs and retreated? Such an interpretation would have ignored the context of 1950s where a quick solution was needed to re-house many people from bombed out regions in the centre of industrial cities and putrid slums. However, haste is a lazy excuse for questionable design. It cannot be ignored that the hard concrete aesthetic and morphological autonomy in part alienated Brutalist works from their residents and ended up forming ghettos for housing for the lower classes. In fairness, many estates in Britain were brought off the peg by local authorities too lazy or unimaginative to hire architects and planners of their own[45] that resulted in appalling dimness and dullness[46]. But, the original designs from New Brutalist architects also proved to be design disasters. Despite their efforts to accommodate the working class into their towers, they designed buildings with features that were highly uns uitable for such residents and eventually drove them away. Chapter 3 Design Failures According to R. K. Jarvis[47], Le Corbusiers urban design principles belong to the artistic tradition in urban design, sharing the umbrella term with Camillo Sitte, Gordon Cullen, Roy Worskett and the Ministry for Housing and Local Government in London which designed the post-war British towns and villages. From first appearances, such principles could not be more different. Sittes emphasis artistic principles in city building is the direct aesthetic antithesis to modernists conception of Order by pure geometry; and neither would have tolerated the rows of front-and-back garden semi-detached houses of post-war England. Martin Kreigers Review of Large Scale Planning[48] sets out three binds the set of limitations of particular attitudes that are common with all urban designers of the artistic tradition. Firstly, the desire for a formal, general model which will provide a scientific foundation for planning analysis and proposals can be seen just as clearly beneath Sittes sensual and overwhelmingly visual impressions as Le Corbusiers utilitarian explanations of the benefits of international-style living. Guidelines, whether calling for That the centre of plazas be kept free or WE MUST BUILD ON A CLEAR SITE!

Agape Love Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is love? I remember a time when â€Å"I love you† was the hardest phrase to say to the person you really had feelings for because you knew when you said those words it would change the course of your relationship forever. But what is the true meaning of love? â€Å"The dictionary defines love as a feeling of strong personal attach-ment induced by sympathetic understanding or by ties of kindred; ardent affection for one’s children; man’s adoration for God; strong liking; fondness; good will, al love of learning; love of country.† (Bell, pg. 10) According to Bell all of these definitions convey the outward appearance of love. He says that when looking at love that we need to take an inventory of our feeling to find out if we are truly displaying the type of love that God calls agape love. Bell says we need to ask ourselves the following questions: Do I return love? In any relationship love is a two way street. A marriage or relationship will not last v ery long if only one person is showing love and the other is not responding in kind. As a matter of fact, a spiritual relationship works in pretty much the same way. The bible says that God first loved us, but if we do not return that love to Him the relationship may diminish. As a Christian we must first love the unsaved person just enough to go to them and share the good news of the gospel. Then after that person has received the gospel of Jesus it is then up to them to accept it and return the love by giving their life to Christ. â€Å"Ministry is the first stage of this exchange of love.† (Bell, Pg 11) The second question is: Do I try to force love? Since the beginning of time God has always given man a choice or free will. We have a free will to love Him. A free will to obey Him. And a free choice to do His will. As a matter of fact God does not even force His love upon us. Anytime love has to be forced you may as well just call it rape. Even in personal relationships love cannot be forced. If love is forced, it usually results in the person rejecting the love altogether. Christian love does not demand love in return, but it does open the pathway to receive love if love wants to be given. The next question is one that is very personal to me because it is something that I have to work on improving and that is: Do I express love regularly? Sometimes it is easy to take the people you love for granted. We sometimes assu... ... of justice and kindness and devotion; pray and fast without fainting, and spend all of our time in some form of religious worship; if the things that we do were such to get us a name throughout the world, and make us famous to all future generations, it would all be in vain without sincere love to God in the heart. Furthermore, we understand that it is not the external work done, or the suffering endured, that is worth anything but yet it is the extent of love that is displayed that means something in the sight of God. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bell, Donald A. In Christian Love. Convention Press Nashville, Tennessee (1968). Edwards, Jonathan. Charity and Its Fruits: Christian love as manifested in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  heart and life. The Banner of Truth Trust London (1969). Evans, Anthony T. Returning to Your First Love: Putting God Back in First Place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moody Press Chicago, Illinois (1995). Lea, Thomas D. The New Testament: Its Background and Message. Broadman &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holman (1996). Ellsworth, Roy Mail Call: Prisoners Need Love Too. The Ellsworth Letters Christian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Endeavors (2000).